manufactura

Forms

manufactura f (plural manufacturas)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Medieval Latin manufactura, a compound of manū (“by hand”), the ablative of manus (“hand”), and factūra (“a making”), from faciō (“to make, do”).^[2][1][3][4] Corominas lists it among the learned words of the family of mano, first recorded in the Academy's dictionary of 1817 and, in a spelling without ⟨c⟩, in 1633.^[5]

French manufacture is a borrowing of 1443 from the same Medieval Latin word, which is also found as manifactura in Italy in 1458.^[6] Gómez de Silva's later dictionary takes the Spanish word through the French one, and Vox calls it a 19th-century compound of the words for “hand” and factura, although the CDH has it from the late 16th century.^[7][8][9] The Academy derived it from the Latin adjective manufactus (“made by hand”) in 1884 and 1899, and has given the Medieval Latin phrase since the 2001 edition at least.^[10][11][12]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first clear record in the CDH is in Bernardino de Mendoza's Teórica y práctica de guerra (1595), which names la manufactura beside navigation, trade and agriculture among the activities to be increased in a state's provinces: here it means manufacturing, the making of goods by hand.^[9] Earlier hits filed under this lemma are the Old Spanish manfechura of two charters of the monastery of Oña (1247, 1271), used of houses.^[9]

Semantic evolution

In the 17th century the word was used above all of goods made from raw materials, often in the plural: a letter of 1616 complains of ships cargados de paños y manufacturas de lanas “loaded with cloth and woollen manufactures”.^[9] In the Americas it is found in the Italianate form manifatura from 1606 (Lima) and as manofactura in 1639 (Peru), for the work of making something, a bell or furniture.^[13]

The Academy's dictionaries of 1817 and 1843 defined it as handiwork, such as weaving or embroidery; the 1869 edition added the sense “factory”, and the 1899 edition widened the first sense to work done by hand or with the help of a machine, which is still the DLE's wording in substance.^{[14][15][16][11][2]} Today it names the process of making a product, the product itself and the place where it is made.^[8][17]

Timeline

• 1595 – Bernardino de Mendoza uses manufactura for manufacturing as a source of wealth.^[9]
• 1606 – the form manifatura is recorded in Lima.^[13]
• 1633 – López de Arenas writes materiales y manufaturas.^[5]
• 1817 – the word enters the Academy's dictionary, as handiwork such as weaving and embroidery.^[5][14]
• 1843 – the Academy adds the derivative manufacturero.^[5]
• 1869 – the Academy adds the sense “factory”.^[16]
• 1884 – the Academy derives it from Latin manufactus.^[10]

Meanings

Noun

1. manufacture, production: the making of goods by hand or with machines.^[2][8][1]
2. A manufactured product, manufactured goods, often in the plural: El país exporta materias primas e importa manufacturas.^[2][8][1]
3. A factory, a place where such goods are made (fábrica).^[2][17][1]

Word family

• manufacturar
• manufacturero

Related words

• mano
• factura
• French manufacture

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. manufactura
3. ^ Gómez de Silva, Guido (1988), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua española, México: Fondo de Cultura Económica / El Colegio de México, p. 442
4. ^ Bénaben, Michel (2000), Dictionnaire étymologique de l'espagnol, Paris: Ellipses, p. s.v. manufactura
5. ^ a b c d Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 3, 817
6. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. manufacture
7. ^ Gómez de Silva, Guido (2001), Diccionario breve de mexicanismos, México: Academia Mexicana / Fondo de Cultura Económica, p. 133
8. ^ a b c d Battaner Arias, Paz (dir.) (2017), Diccionario general de la lengua española VOX, Barcelona: Larousse Editorial, p. s.v. manufactura
9. ^ a b c d e Real Academia Española (2013–), Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), version 3.1, https://apps.rae.es/CNDHE, p. s.v. manufactura
10. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1884), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 12th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de D. Gregorio Hernando (the first Academy edition with etymologies), p. 676
11. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1899), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 13th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de los Sres. Hernando y Compañía, p. 633
12. ^ Real Academia Española (2001), Diccionario de la lengua española, 22nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, p. s.v. manufactura
13. ^ a b Boyd-Bowman, Peter (2003), Léxico hispanoamericano 1493–1993, ed. Ray Harris-Northall and John J. Nitti, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, p. s.v. manifatura
14. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1817), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 5th ed., Madrid: Imprenta Real, p. 553
15. ^ Real Academia Española (1843), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 9th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de D. Francisco María Fernández, p. 459
16. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1869), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 11th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de Don Manuel Rivadeneyra, p. 489
17. ^ a b Moliner, María (2007), Diccionario de uso del español, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. manufactura