estampida

Forms

estampida f (plural estampidas)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Occitan estampida, in Corominas's view an Old Occitan noun for a loud noise.^[2][3][4] The lack of a Spanish verb ⟨estampir⟩ suggests the loan, since the Occitan noun is derived from estampir (“to resound”), which with Catalan estampir (“to hurl, smash”) comes from Gothic *𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌼𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*stampjan, “to crush”), inferred from Old English stempan and Middle High German stempfen.^[3][4] Wiktionary traces the Gothic verb to Proto-Germanic *stampōną, from Proto-Indo-European *stembʰ- (“to trample down”).^[1][5] Corominas takes estampido as a Spanish remodelling of this noun on the pattern of estallido and chirrido.^[3]

The sense “stampede” is a separate development: Corominas is unsure whether it comes straight from the Old Occitan noun, which also meant “noisy quarrel; a dance song with a rhythm stamped with the feet” or through Old French estampie, an Occitanism that meant “uproar, tumultuous fight”.^[3][4] The form estampía “impetuous rush, sudden departure” belongs here too.^[3][4] The English word stampede, recorded from 1834, was taken from Mexican Spanish.^[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The CDH's first hit is in Jerónimo Fernández's Belianís de Grecia (1547): elephants charging dieron tal estampida “made such a crash” that more than half of them fell to the ground.^[6] Corominas's first record is in Ercilla, about 1570; the Araucana of 1578 describes an earthquake whose estampida was felt across the land.^[3][6]

Semantic evolution

In the 16th century the word named a loud report, especially of firearms: Juan Rufo writes of tal estampida de arcabuzazos “such a volley of arquebus shots”.^[6] Covarrubias in 1611 defined it as the report of an arquebus or cannon, a sound he took to be imitative, and dar estampida as “to be spread abroad as a novelty”.^[7] The Academy from 1817 sent the word to estampido, and Domínguez in 1846 called it obsolete.^[8][9]

In the Americas it came to mean a sudden rush: a text of Nuevo León of 1690 says that la caballada había dado una gran estampida “the horses had stampeded”.^[10] Icazbalceta noted that in Mexico it had only this sense, of animals and people, as in dar or pegar la estampida.^[11] Batres in Guatemala condemned it as a fault.^[12] Alemany entered the American flight of animals in 1917, and the DLE now gives it as a general sense.^[13][2] Vox also uses the word for the medieval instrumental dance, the estampie of the 13th and 14th centuries.^[14]

Timeline

• 1547 – the Belianís de Grecia, first record in the CDH.^[6]
• 1578 – Ercilla, La Araucana, Corominas's first record (about 1570).^[3][6]
• 1588 – first record in the Americas, in the New Kingdom of Granada.^[10]
• 1611 – Covarrubias defines the noise of firearms and dar estampida.^[7]
• 1690 – a stampede of horses in Nuevo León.^[10]
• 1817 – the Academy's dictionary has the word as a synonym of estampido.^[8]
• 1834 – English stampede is recorded, taken from Mexican Spanish.^[3]
• 1917 – Alemany records the American sense “headlong flight”.^[13]

Meanings

Noun

1. stampede: a headlong flight of a person, an animal or, above all, a group of them: El trueno provocó la estampida del ganado.^[2][1]
2. A loud bang, an estampido.^[2][1]
3. Wide and sudden resonance (resonancia) of an event.^[2]
4. (music) The estampie, a medieval instrumental dance tune of the 13th and 14th centuries.^[14]

Related words

• estampido
• estampía
• estampar
• English stampede

Usage notes

De estampida means suddenly and in a headlong rush, as in salir de estampida.^[2]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. estampida
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 2, 768
4. ^ a b c d Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. estampar
5. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *stampōn
6. ^ a b c d e Real Academia Española (2013–), Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), version 3.1, https://apps.rae.es/CNDHE, p. s.v. estampida
7. ^ a b Covarrubias Orozco, Sebastián de (1611), Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española, Madrid: Luis Sánchez (Biblioteca Wordkers transcription, CC BY 4.0), p. 802
8. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1817), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 5th ed., Madrid: Imprenta Real, p. 393
9. ^ Domínguez, Ramón Joaquín (1846–1847), Diccionario nacional o gran diccionario clásico de la lengua española, 2 vols., Madrid: Establecimiento Léxico-Tipográfico de R. J. Domínguez, p. 758
10. ^ a b c Boyd-Bowman, Peter (2003), Léxico hispanoamericano 1493–1993, ed. Ray Harris-Northall and John J. Nitti, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, p. s.v. estampida
11. ^ García Icazbalceta, Joaquín (1899), Vocabulario de mexicanismos comprobado con ejemplos y comparado con los de otros países hispano-americanos, México: La Europea, p. s.v. estampida
12. ^ Batres Jáuregui, Antonio (1892), Vicios del lenguaje y provincialismos de Guatemala, Guatemala: Encuadernación y Tipografía Nacional, p. 281
13. ^ a b Alemany y Bolufer, José (1917), Diccionario de la lengua española, Barcelona: Ramón Sopena, p. 721
14. ^ a b Battaner Arias, Paz (dir.) (2017), Diccionario general de la lengua española VOX, Barcelona: Larousse Editorial, p. s.v. estampida