calloso

Forms

calloso (feminine callosa, masculine plural callosos, feminine plural callosas)^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin callōsus (“hard-skinned”).^[2][3][4] The BDELC lists it under callo, among the derivatives.^[5] The Latin adjective is formed from callum (“hard skin”) with the suffix -ōsus.^[6][1] De Vaan reconstructs a Proto-Italic adjective meaning “hard” and compares Celtic words for “hard”, but considers the Indo-European origin uncertain.^[7]

The same Latin word gave Portuguese caloso (1570), Galician caloso, Italian calloso and, as a learned borrowing, French calleux.^[8][3][9][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Corominas's date is 1495, when Nebrija's Spanish–Latin dictionary has calloso, cosa con callos “calloso, a thing with calluses”, rendered by Latin callosus.^[5][10][9] The Old Spanish Textual Archive finds it in a manuscript of the Arte complida de cirugía, a translation of Lanfranc's surgery copied between about 1451 and 1500.^[11]

Semantic evolution

Autoridades in 1729 defined it as having calluses or a hardness like them, as wounds do, quoting Pulgar on hands callosas with doing harm to the neighbours, and recorded cuerpo calloso, the physicians' name for a harder part of the brain.^[12] A Mexican surgical text of 1592 speaks of fistulas as llagas callosas “callous sores”.^[13] The Academy's dictionary of 1899 added the sense “relating to a callus”, which the DLE keeps.^[14][2] The medical dictionary DTME also has “hard like a callus” and “of the corpus callosum”.^[15]

Timeline

• c. 1451–1500 – a manuscript of the Arte complida de cirugía.^[11]
• 1495 – Nebrija's Spanish–Latin dictionary.^[5][10]
• 1592 – recorded in Mexico City, of sores.^[13]
• 1729 – Autoridades records cuerpo calloso.^[12]
• 1899 – the Academy adds “relating to a callus” and gives the Latin etymon.^[14]

Meanings

Adjective

1. calloused, having calluses (callos): Tenía los pies callosos de andar descalzo.^[2][16][1]
2. Of or relating to a callus; hard and rough like a callus.^[2][15]
3. (anatomy) Of the corpus callosum (cuerpo calloso); callosal.^[15][1]

Word family

• subcalloso

Related words

• callo
• callosidad
• Latin callōsus

References

1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2014–), Diccionario de la lengua española, 23rd ed., online version 23.8, https://dle.rae.es, p. s.v. calloso
3. ^ a b García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. 1289
4. ^ Wikcionario (Spanish Wiktionary), es.wiktionary.org
5. ^ a b c Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. callo
6. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
7. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
8. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. caloso
9. ^ a b Segura Munguía, Santiago (2001), Nuevo diccionario etimológico latín-español y de las voces derivadas, Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto, p. 91
10. ^ a b Nebrija, Antonio de (1513), Vocabulario español-latino, Salamanca, ed. Marina Vidal Díez (2007), Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, p. 309
11. ^ a b Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies (2026), Old Spanish Textual Archive (OSTA): semi-paleographic transcriptions of Old Spanish texts, ed. Francisco Gago Jover et al., https://www.hispanicseminary.org
12. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1726–1739), Diccionario de la lengua castellana (Diccionario de Autoridades), 6 vols., Madrid: Francisco del Hierro, p. 2, 75
13. ^ a b Boyd-Bowman, Peter (2003), Léxico hispanoamericano 1493–1993, ed. Ray Harris-Northall and John J. Nitti, New York: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, p. s.v. calloso
14. ^ a b Real Academia Española (1899), Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 13th ed., Madrid: Imprenta de los Sres. Hernando y Compañía, p. 178
15. ^ a b c Real Academia Nacional de Medicina (2011), Diccionario de términos médicos, Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana; online at https://dtme.ranm.es, p. s.v. calloso
16. ^ Moliner, María (2007), Diccionario de uso del español, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. calloso