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yin

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Pronunciation

Etymology

It is borrowed from Chinese 陰 (yīn, “shade, feminine; the moon”),[2][3][4][1] which Merriam-Webster glosses as the dark, feminine principle.[5] Wiktionary notes that the character was first used of shaded places, as of a mountain or a house.[1] The American Heritage Dictionary traces the Mandarin word through Middle Chinese to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rum (“shade”).[6]

Earliest recorded meaning

In Chinese philosophy, the feminine or negative principle of the two opposing forces of the universe: 1671, in John Ogilby's translation of the Atlas Chinensis of Olfert Dapper and others.[2][5][7]

Semantic evolution

The word came into English as a term of Chinese cosmology, always paired with yang, its masculine and positive opposite.[3][7][5] Yin is the principle of darkness, cold, wetness and passivity, which combines with yang to produce all things.[5][2] The combined form yin-yang is recorded from 1850,[7] and the use as an adjective, "that represents yin; feminine", from the mid 20th century.[3][8]

Timeline

  • 1671 – the feminine or negative principle in Chinese philosophy.[2][5]
  • 1850 – yin-yang.[7]
  • 1963 – adjective, representing yin.[8]

Meanings

Noun

  1. In Chinese philosophy and cosmology, the feminine, passive and negative principle of nature, associated with darkness, cold and wetness, which combines with its opposite, yang, to form everything that exists.[5][2][3]

Adjective

  1. Representing yin; feminine.[3][8]

Usage notes

A separate word Yin is the name of the Shang dynasty of China, especially of its last phase, after the capital had moved to the city of Yin; it is recorded in English from 1846.[2][3] In Scots, yin is also a form of one.[9][1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f Oxford English Dictionary Online (accessed March 2026), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010), Oxford Dictionary of English, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  5. ^ a b c d e f Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  6. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (online 2024), 5th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  7. ^ a b c d Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  8. ^ a b c Kay, Christian; Roberts, Jane; Samuels, Michael; Wotherspoon, Irené, eds. (2009), Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press; online edition (2024)
  9. ^ Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins