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van

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English has two main words spelled van: the front of an army, short for vanguard, and the covered vehicle, short for caravan.[1][2][3]

Pronunciation

van1 front of an army

Etymology

The front is a shortening of vanguard,[1][5][3] which is from Old French avant-garde.[1][6]

Earliest recorded meaning

The front part of an advancing group: 1610, in Beaumont and Fletcher's The Scornful Lady,[1][7] about 1600 in Etymonline;[5] Merriam-Webster dates it 1607.[3]

Semantic evolution

The leaders of any movement are called its van from about 1600.[5] The foremost division of an army or fleet is from 1633.[7] The phrase in the van, “in the forefront”, is common.[8][9]

Timeline

  • 1607 – first Merriam-Webster date.[3]
  • 1610 – the front of an advancing group.[1][7]
  • 1633 – the foremost division of an army or fleet.[7]

Modern meaning

Noun

  1. The foremost division of an army or fleet; the vanguard.
  2. The leaders of a movement or trend: in the van of reform.

van2 vehicle

Etymology

The vehicle is a shortening of caravan,[1][5][2][3] a word of Persian origin.[5] The Century Dictionary suggested that caravan was felt as a “carry-van”.[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

A covered wagon or truck: 1829, in Bulwer-Lytton's The Disowned.[1][5][3]

Semantic evolution

At first it was used especially for moving furniture and household goods.[5] A closed railway carriage for luggage or for the guard, the guard's van, is British.[8][10] Later it was a motor vehicle with a covered rear part, used by tradesmen for delivery and service, and also by hippies.[5] The verb, “to carry in a van”, is from 1840.[3]

Timeline

  • 1829 – a covered wagon.[1][5]
  • 1840 – verb, to carry in a van.[3]

Modern meaning

Noun

  1. An enclosed motor vehicle with rear or side doors, for carrying goods or people.
  2. A covered truck or wagon, as for moving furniture.
  3. (British) A closed railway carriage for luggage or mail, or for the guard.

Verb

  1. To carry in a van.

Word family

  • minivan
  • campervan

Usage notes

A third, older van (mid-15th century) is a winnowing basket or fan, a southern and western variant of fan, perhaps reinforced by French van and Latin vannus;[5][2][3] in Suffolk dialect it was a flat basket for winnowing corn.[11] In poetry it could mean a wing, from 1667.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
  2. ^ a b c Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  4. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th ed., ed. Peter Roach, Jane Setter and John Esling, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  6. ^ Cresswell, Julia (2021), Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  7. ^ a b c d e Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989), The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
  8. ^ a b The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1992), 3rd ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin
  9. ^ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (2003), 11th ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  10. ^ Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins
  11. ^ Wright, Joseph, ed. (1898–1905), The English Dialect Dictionary, 6 vols., Oxford: Henry Frowde; via EDD Online 4.0, University of Innsbruck (CC BY 4.0)