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soprano

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Pronunciation

  • US: /səˈpɹænoʊ/[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Italian soprano (“the treble; literally high”),[2][3][4] from sopra (“above”) and the adjective suffix -ano,[5][6] from Latin suprā (“above, over”),[2][7][3] a form of super (“above, over”).[2] Klein and Skeat take the Italian word as a variant of sovrano (“highest, supreme”), from Late Latin superānus, which makes it a doublet of sovereign.[8][9] It is related to super- and supra-.[2][10]

Earliest recorded meaning

The highest singing voice, in women and boys: 1730.[4][2][3]

Semantic evolution

The Italian adjective meant "high" and named the treble part in music.[2][3] In English the voice is recorded first, in 1730, together with its use as an adjective of persons with such a voice; a singer with a soprano voice follows in 1738, in a letter of Lord Chesterfield.[4][2][3] The voice was formerly sung also by castrati.[6] From the 19th century the word was applied to the highest-pitched member of a family of instruments: the soprano saxophone is attested from 1859, and soprano alone for it from 1876.[2][4] The Italian plural soprani is still used beside sopranos.[2][11]

Timeline

  • 1730 – the highest singing voice; as adjective, having such a voice.[4][2]
  • 1738 – a singer with a soprano voice.[4][2][3]
  • 1786 – a part written for or sung by such a voice.[4]
  • 1856 – of musical instruments, as soprano cornet.[4]
  • 1859 – soprano saxophone.[2]

Meanings

Noun

  1. The highest singing voice, of women and boys, and formerly of castrati: She sang soprano in the church choir.[11][6][4]
  2. A singer with such a voice.[11][6][4]
  3. The highest part in a piece of harmony or a four-part chorus.[11][6]
  4. The highest-pitched member of a family of instruments, especially a soprano saxophone.[6][4]

Adjective

  1. Of, for or having the range of a soprano: a soprano recorder.[6][4]

Word family

  • mezzo-soprano
  • sopranino

References

  1. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  3. ^ a b c d e f Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Oxford English Dictionary Online (accessed March 2026), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  5. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged (2016), based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, New York: Random House
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  7. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (online 2024), 5th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  8. ^ Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.
  9. ^ Skeat, Walter W. (1911), A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, new ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
  10. ^ Ayto, John (2005), Word Origins: The Secret Histories of English Words from A to Z, 2nd ed., London: A & C Black
  11. ^ a b c d Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins