Etymologically
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sleeper

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Pronunciation

  • /ˈsliːpə(ɹ)/[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Middle English sleper,[2][3] formed from Middle English slepen (“to sleep”) + -er, that is, from sleep with the agent suffix -er.[4][5][2][3][6] Etymonline traces it to Old English slǣpere (“one who sleeps”),[7][8] an agent noun from slǣpan (“to sleep”).[7] The OED compares West Frisian slieper, Dutch slaper and Middle High German slâfære.[4] For the senses of a dormant thing and of a supporting beam, it compares dormant and dormer,[4] and Skeat compares French dormant, a sleeper or beam, from dormir (“to sleep”).[9] Etymonline dates the beam sense to about 1600 and notes a suggestion that it has a separate source.[7]

Earliest recorded meaning

A person inclined to sleep, or who sleeps well or badly: about 1225, in the Ancrene Riwle.[4]

Semantic evolution

Besides a person given to sleep, the word meant from 1590, in Spenser, one who is asleep, and figuratively a dead person.[4] Its use for a strong horizontal beam is dated to about 1600;[7] in Britain it came to mean one of the blocks supporting the rails of a railway, called a tie in American English.[10][9] From 1625, in Bacon, it was also used of a thing lying dormant,[4][7] and in gambling from 1856 of a stake or card left unnoticed;[4][7][11] from this, by 1892, American sports jargon used it for something that proves more important than expected, the source of a book or film that succeeds unexpectedly.[7][5] Animals were called sleepers as well: various fishes from 1668 and the dormouse from 1693,[4] a name still used in Hertfordshire, Suffolk, Kent and Sussex dialect.[12] A sleeper car is recorded by 1839 and sleeper alone for a sleeping car by 1875.[7][4] In the 20th century it was used of a sleeping partner (1901), of a poorly selling article (1926, American), and since 1950 of a spy or saboteur who stays inactive for a long time before acting.[4][7] In Warwickshire dialect a sleeper was a fine gold ring put into the ear after piercing to keep the hole open.[12][10]

Timeline

  • c. 1225 – a person inclined to sleep, or who sleeps in a certain way.[4]
  • 1590 – a person who is asleep, in Spenser.[4]
  • c. 1600 – a strong horizontal beam.[7]
  • 1625 – a thing in a dormant state, in Bacon.[4][7]
  • 1668 – the name of various fishes.[4]
  • 1693 – a dormouse.[4]
  • 1856 – in gambling, an unclaimed stake.[4][7]
  • 1875 – a railway sleeping car.[4][7]
  • 1892 – something that proves more important than expected.[7]
  • 1901 – a sleeping partner.[4]
  • 1910 – verb, to mark a calf with a notch in its ear.[4]
  • 1950 – a spy who stays inactive before acting.[4]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A person or animal that sleeps, especially in a stated way: My brother is a heavy sleeper.[10][5][2]
  2. A sleeping car on a train, or a train with sleeping cars.[10][5][4]
  3. (chiefly British) One of the blocks of wood or concrete that support the rails of a railway; a tie.[10][5]
  4. A heavy horizontal beam, especially one laid on or near the ground to support a floor or other structure.[10][2][5]
  5. A spy or agent who stays inactive for a long time before being called into action.[10][5][4]
  6. A book, film or other thing that becomes an unexpected success.[5][7]
  7. (chiefly British) A small ring or stud worn in a pierced ear to keep the hole from closing.[10][5]
  8. (US) A sofa or chair that unfolds into a bed.[5]
  9. (chiefly North American) A one-piece sleeping suit for a baby or small child.[5]
  10. In wrestling, a hold that presses on the sides of an opponent's neck until they pass out.[10]
  11. (US) An unbranded calf marked with a notch in its ear.[10][5]
  12. Any of several fishes related to the gobies.[5][4]
  13. (dialect) A dormouse.[4][5][12]

Verb

  1. (US) To mark a calf with a notch in its ear, so that it seems to have been branded.[2][4]

References

  1. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  3. ^ a b Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Oxford English Dictionary Online (accessed March 2026), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  6. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged (2016), based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, New York: Random House
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  8. ^ Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. Northcote (1898), An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press; Toller, T. Northcote (1921), Supplement
  9. ^ a b Skeat, Walter W. (1911), A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, new ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins
  11. ^ Green, Jonathon (2010), Green's Dictionary of Slang, London: Chambers; digital ed. 2016–, https://greensdictofslang.com
  12. ^ a b c Wright, Joseph, ed. (1898–1905), The English Dialect Dictionary, 6 vols., Oxford: Henry Frowde; via EDD Online 4.0, University of Innsbruck (CC BY 4.0)