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sewer

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Pronunciation

  • /ˈs(j)uːə/, /ˈsuɚ/[1]

sewer1 table attendant

Etymology

The table attendant is inherited from Middle English sewer, an aphetic form borrowed from Anglo-Norman asseour (“one who seats”),[2][3][4][5][6] from Old French asseoir (“to cause to sit, to seat”),[2][3][6] Latin assideō (“to sit beside, attend upon”), from ad- and sedeō (“to sit”).[2][7][4] The fuller form assewer is recorded later than the short one.[2] The Anglo-Norman Dictionary lists asseour among the spellings of assaiour, a tester, including the king's food-taster.[8] Johnson (1755) explained the name from the officers who set the dishes on the table.[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

An attendant at a meal who arranged the table, seated the guests and tasted and served the dishes: before 1387, in Trevisa's translation of Higden's Polychronicon.[2] The Middle English Dictionary records the full form asseour for an officer who saw to the laying of the table and the seating of guests.[10]

Semantic evolution

The word belonged to the great medieval household, where the sewer could be an officer of high rank.[6] It was used figuratively from the 16th century,[2] and there was a verb sewer, to act as sewer at a meal, from about 1553 to 1647.[2] Milton, quoted by Johnson, wrote of a feast "Serv'd up in hall with sewers and seneshals".[9] The word is now used only in historical writing.[5][3]

Timeline

  • before 1387 – an attendant who arranged a meal and served the dishes.[2]
  • 1448 – the full form asseour.[10]
  • c. 1553 – figurative use; verb sewer, to serve as sewer (to 1647).[2]

Meanings

Noun

  1. (historical) In a medieval household, an officer who saw to the serving of dishes at table, and sometimes to the seating of guests and the tasting of food.[6][2][5]

sewer2 drain

Etymology

The drain is inherited from Middle English seuer, also suer,[10][11][12] borrowed from Anglo-Norman sewere,[11][12][7][3] corresponding to Old Northern French seuwiere (“channel carrying off the overflow from a fishpond”).[2][11][3][13] This goes back to Vulgar Latin *exaquāria, from *exaquō (“to drain off water”), from Latin ex- (“out”) and aqua (“water”),[2][3][14][6] the base also of Old French essever (“to drain off”) and esseveur.[2][6][4] The Latin feminine adjective aquāria (“pertaining to water”) is part of the same formation,[11][7][12] and ewer has a similar history.[11][15] The Anglo-Norman word is recorded from 1376 for a drainage canal,[8] and Weekley notes that until the 16th century the word appears mostly in Anglo-Norman and Medieval Latin legal documents, as Medieval Latin sewera.[15][11]

Earliest recorded meaning

An artificial watercourse for draining marshy land and carrying surface water off to a river or the sea: in a document from New Romney of 1402–3.[2][10][12] It appears in surnames from the late 13th century, such as Robertus Atte Suor.[11]

Semantic evolution

In Middle English the word was a trench or ditch for drainage, and the Commissioners of Sewers, recorded from 1444, were a court that looked after drainage and defences against the sea.[10][2] The modern sense, a covered channel, now usually underground, for carrying away waste water and refuse from houses and towns, is first quoted from Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida (1609),[2] and became the main sense after about 1600.[11] Figurative use, for a place or channel of filth, dates from the 1640s.[11][2] Weekley notes the old variant shore, as in the London place name Shoreditch.[15] The verb "to provide with sewers" is from 1854; an earlier verb "to drain" is recorded only in 1565.[2][5] The derivatives sewage and sewerage are 19th-century English formations.[14][16]

Timeline

  • late 13th century – in surnames.[11]
  • 1402–3 – a ditch or channel for draining land.[2][10][12]
  • 1444 – Commission of Sewers, a court in charge of drainage.[2]
  • 1609 – a conduit carrying off waste water and refuse.[2]
  • 1647 – figurative use.[2][11]
  • 1854 – verb, to furnish with sewers.[2]
  • 1861 – sewer rat.[11]

Meanings

Noun

  1. An artificial channel or pipe, usually underground, that carries away sewage and surface water: The city laid a new sewer under the main street.[17][6][2]
  2. A ditch or open drain for carrying off water.[6][2]
  3. (figurative) A place or thing regarded as filthy or corrupt.[2][11]

Verb

  1. To provide with sewers.[17][6][2]

Word family

  • sewage
  • sewerage
  • sewerless
  • sewerlike
  • storm sewer

Usage notes

Sewer, a person who sews, is a separate word, formed from sew and recorded from 1399; it is pronounced like sower.[2][6][11]

References

  1. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 27 28 Oxford English Dictionary Online (accessed March 2026), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ a b c Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.
  5. ^ a b c d Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  7. ^ a b c The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (online 2024), 5th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  8. ^ a b Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND2), Aberystwyth University, anglo-norman.net (2nd ed., 2005–)
  9. ^ a b Johnson, Samuel (1755), A Dictionary of the English Language, London; 4th ed. 1773; Johnson's Dictionary Online, ed. Beth Rapp Young et al.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Kurath, Hans; Kuhn, Sherman M.; Lewis, Robert E., eds. (1952–2001), Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; online edition ed. Frances McSparran et al. (2000–2018)
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  12. ^ a b c d e Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
  13. ^ Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010), Oxford Dictionary of English, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  14. ^ a b Ayto, John (2005), Word Origins: The Secret Histories of English Words from A to Z, 2nd ed., London: A & C Black
  15. ^ a b c Weekley, Ernest (1921), An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, London: John Murray
  16. ^ Cresswell, Julia (2021), Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  17. ^ a b Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins