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paddle

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Pronunciation

paddle1 oar, spade-like tool

Etymology

The oar and spade-like tool is inherited from Middle English padel, also padell,[2][3][4] perhaps borrowed from Medieval Latin padela, also padula, recorded in British sources of the 14th century in the same sense.[5][2][3][4] The Medieval Latin word is itself of unknown origin, and the OED notes that, despite the dates, it may have been borrowed from Middle English.[5] Barnhart and Etymonline compare Latin patella (“small pan, plate”), a diminutive of patina;[3][4][2] the American Heritage Dictionary thinks it perhaps akin to spatyl (“spatula”), from Old French spatule, from Latin spatula.[6] The OED compares the slightly earlier pattle and the later spaddle,[5][7] and Hoad, Collins and the Oxford Dictionary of English call the origin unknown.[8][9][10] Weekley suggested a corruption of French pale (“shovel”), from Latin pāla (“spade”),[11] and Johnson derived it from Welsh.[12] The verb meaning to row with a paddle, and later to spank, was formed from the noun.[5][4][7][3] peddel, Paddel and paddel are 19th-century borrowings of the English noun.[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

A small spade with a long handle, used to scrape earth off a plough: 1407, in an account quoted by Rogers's History of Agriculture and Prices.[5][2][3]

Semantic evolution

The modern sense, a short oar with a broad blade used without a rowlock, appears about 1612 in William Strachey's account of Virginia,[5] and Barnhart and Etymonline date it to the 1620s, Weekley to Captain John Smith.[3][4][11] From the 1660s the word passed to many flat-bladed things: the boards of a paddle wheel (1685), a stirring tool used in glass-making (1662), the sliding panel of a sluice (1795) and the flipper of an aquatic animal (1835).[5][3][4] A flat wooden paddle for punishment is first recorded in American English in 1828,[5][4] which gave the verb to paddle, to spank, in 1847 in the OED and by 1856 in Etymonline.[5][4] The verb to paddle a canoe is recorded from 1637, in Thomas Morton's New English Canaan,[5][13] and the American phrase to paddle one's own canoe, to rely on oneself, from 1828.[5][4] In Scotland the verb kept the older sense, to hoe or scrape the ground, from 1556,[5] and the English Dialect Dictionary records the noun for a long-handled spud in many counties.[14]

Timeline

  • 1407 – padell, a spade for cleaning a plough.[5][2]
  • 1556 – verb, in Scots, to hoe or scrape clean.[5]
  • c. 1612 – a short oar used without a rowlock.[5]
  • 1637 – verb, to move a canoe forward with a paddle.[5][13]
  • 1662 – a flat-bladed tool for stirring.[5]
  • 1685 – a board of a paddle wheel.[5]
  • 1754 – noun, a trip in a canoe or small boat.[5]
  • 1795 – a sliding panel of a sluice.[5]
  • 1828 – a flat implement for corporal punishment (originally American); to paddle one's own canoe.[5][4]
  • 1835 – the flipper of an aquatic animal.[5][3]
  • 1847 – verb, to spank or beat with a paddle.[5]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A short oar with a broad blade at one or both ends, used without a rowlock to move a canoe or small boat: She dipped her paddle and the kayak slid away from the bank.[9][13][5]
  2. One of the boards of a paddle wheel.[9][5]
  3. A flat-bladed tool used for stirring, mixing or beating.[9][5]
  4. A flat wooden implement used to spank someone as a punishment.[5][13]
  5. The sliding panel of a sluice or lock gate, which controls the flow of water.[9][5]
  6. A flattened limb used for swimming, such as a flipper.[5][13]
  7. A spell of paddling a boat.[9][13][5]
  8. (chiefly British dialect) A small spade with a long handle, used to clean a plough.[13][5][14]

Verb

  1. To move a canoe or small boat through water with a paddle, or to travel in one this way: We paddled across the lake before breakfast.[13][9][5]
  2. To swim with short, gentle strokes, as a duck or a dog does.[13][5]
  3. To spank or beat with a paddle or the open hand.[13][5][4]
  4. To stir or mix with a paddle.[5][9]

Word family

  • paddler
  • paddleboat
  • paddleball
  • paddleboard
  • paddlefish
  • dog-paddle
  • paddle wheeler

paddle2 dabble, wade

Etymology

The verb meaning to dabble or wade is of uncertain origin.[5][3][9][13] The OED takes it as perhaps formed from English pad + -le, from pad in the sense "to tramp", although that verb is recorded slightly later,[5] and Klein and Partridge also explain it as a frequentative of pad.[15][16] Barnhart and Etymonline see it as probably cognate with Low German paddeln (“to tramp about”), a frequentative of padden (“to walk, kick, wade”),[3][4][5] and the Shorter Oxford calls it probably of Low Dutch origin.[7] The Oxford Dictionary of English notes that its association with water is unexplained.[10] Weekley compared French patouiller (“to dabble”), from patte (“paw”),[11] the French word Johnson gave as its source.[12] The OED compares the earlier verb puddle and the dialect poddle.[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

To wade, walk about or play in shallow water or mud: 1530, in Palsgrave's English–French dictionary, Lesclarcissement.[5][3][13]

Semantic evolution

Shakespeare used the verb for playing with the fingers: in Hamlet (1604) and The Winter's Tale for fondling a hand,[5][14] a sense now rare.[5] From 1606 it meant to walk with short, unsteady steps like a small child, to toddle,[5][8] and in Scotland and the north of England it was used for walking slowly or wandering about and for trampling a floor with wet or muddy feet.[14][5] In the 1830s the slang paddle off meant to run away.[17] The noun, a walk in shallow water, is recorded from 1866, first in a Banffshire glossary.[5]

Timeline

  • 1530 – to wade or play in shallow water.[5][3]
  • 1604 – to play with the fingers, in Shakespeare's Hamlet.[5]
  • 1606 – to walk with short, unsteady steps; to toddle.[5]
  • 1621 – figuratively, to venture a little way into something.[5]
  • 1836 – slang paddle off, to run away.[17]
  • 1866 – noun, a walk or wade in shallow water.[5]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To walk or play in shallow water, or to dabble the hands or feet in it: The toddlers paddled at the edge of the pond.[13][9][5]
  2. To walk with short, unsteady steps; to toddle.[5][9]
  3. (archaic) To play with something with the fingers; to fondle.[5][13]

Noun

  1. A walk or wade in shallow water.[5][9]

Word family

  • paddling pool
  • pad
  • pattle
  • spaddle
  • puddle

Usage notes

A third noun paddle, the lumpfish, recorded from 1589 and also called paddle-cock, is probably formed from pad in the old sense "toad", and is Scottish and northern.[5][7][14]

References

  1. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e Kurath, Hans; Kuhn, Sherman M.; Lewis, Robert E., eds. (1952–2001), Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; online edition ed. Frances McSparran et al. (2000–2018)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Oxford English Dictionary Online (accessed March 2026), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  6. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (online 2024), 5th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  7. ^ a b c d Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  8. ^ a b Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins
  10. ^ a b Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010), Oxford Dictionary of English, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  11. ^ a b c Weekley, Ernest (1921), An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, London: John Murray
  12. ^ a b Johnson, Samuel (1755), A Dictionary of the English Language, London; 4th ed. 1773; Johnson's Dictionary Online, ed. Beth Rapp Young et al.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  14. ^ a b c d e Wright, Joseph, ed. (1898–1905), The English Dialect Dictionary, 6 vols., Oxford: Henry Frowde; via EDD Online 4.0, University of Innsbruck (CC BY 4.0)
  15. ^ Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.
  16. ^ Partridge, Eric (1966), Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, 4th ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
  17. ^ a b Green, Jonathon (2010), Green's Dictionary of Slang, London: Chambers; digital ed. 2016–, https://greensdictofslang.com