Etymologically
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merge

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Pronunciation

  • UK: /mɜːd͡ʒ/[1]
  • US: /mɝd͡ʒ/[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin mergō (“to dip, plunge, immerse”),[2][3][4][5][6] and in its legal senses it came through the Law French infinitive merger (“to drown, sink”).[2][7][8][9] The Latin verb is probably a rhotacized form of an older *mezgō,[3][10] from Proto-Indo-European *mezg- (“to dip, sink, wash”),[3][11] the source also of Sanskrit मज्जति (májjati, “dives, sinks”) and Lithuanian mazgoti (“to wash”).[3][10][2][6] The same Latin verb gave emerge, immerse and submerge.[12][10]

Earliest recorded meaning

To plunge or immerse oneself in an activity, way of life or surroundings: 1636, in William Prynne,[2][4][6] a sense the OED records only until 1751.[2][13] From 1660 the verb also meant to plunge something into a liquid, a use that died out in the 19th century.[2]

Semantic evolution

The modern meanings grew out of law.[2][14] From 1726 the verb was used of a lesser estate, title or right that is absorbed into a greater one and so ceases to exist,[2][4][3] while from 1728 it was used transitively, of causing it to be absorbed;[2][4] Weekley compares other legal terms taken from Anglo-French infinitives, such as misnomer and rejoinder.[9] Generalized, the verb came to mean "to be swallowed up, lose one's identity in something else".[3][2] The commercial sense, to combine separate companies into one, is recorded from 1836 in Washington Irving,[2] and Barnhart dates the business sense of the noun merger to 1889.[4] Ayto notes that the everyday meaning "to combine into one" was not fully established until the 20th century.[12] Melville used merge into for a gradual change in 1849.[2] Since 1924, first in North America, the verb was applied to lanes of traffic joining.[2] The noun merge, a merger, appeared in 1806, and the traffic noun in 1956.[2][3]

Timeline

  • 1636 – to immerse oneself in an activity or way of life.[2][6]
  • 1660 – to plunge into a liquid.[2]
  • 1726 – (law) to be absorbed into a greater estate or title.[2][4]
  • 1728 – (law) to cause to be absorbed.[2][4]
  • 1806 – the noun, an act of merging.[2]
  • 1836 – to combine companies or organizations into one.[2]
  • 1849 – to change gradually into something.[2]
  • 1924 – of traffic, to join into fewer lanes.[2]
  • 1956 – the noun, a point where traffic merges.[2]

Modern meaning

Verb

  1. To combine or be combined into a single whole, especially of businesses or organizations: The two banks merged last spring.
  2. To blend gradually into something else so that the boundary is lost: At dusk the hills merged into the sky.
  3. Of traffic, to join another stream of vehicles or lane.
  4. (law) To absorb a lesser estate, right or title into a greater one, so that it ceases to exist.

Noun

  1. An act of merging; a merger.
  2. A point where lanes of traffic join.

Word family

  • mergence
  • demerge
  • mergee
  • remerge
  • unmerge
  • merger
  • emerge
  • immerse
  • submerge
  • merganser

References

  1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Oxford English Dictionary Online (accessed March 2026), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Barnhart, Robert K., ed. (1995), The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, New York: HarperCollins
  5. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (online 2024), 5th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  6. ^ a b c d Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  7. ^ Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  8. ^ Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010), Oxford Dictionary of English, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  9. ^ a b Weekley, Ernest (1921), An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, London: John Murray
  10. ^ a b c Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.
  11. ^ Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
  12. ^ a b Ayto, John (2005), Word Origins: The Secret Histories of English Words from A to Z, 2nd ed., London: A & C Black
  13. ^ Kay, Christian; Roberts, Jane; Samuels, Michael; Wotherspoon, Irené, eds. (2009), Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press; online edition (2024)
  14. ^ Cresswell, Julia (2021), Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press