Etymologically
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husband

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Pronunciation

  • IPA: /ˈhʌzbənd/[1]

Etymology

It comes from Middle English husbonde,[2][3][4] inherited from Old English hūsbonda (“master of a house”),[4][2][5][3][6] borrowed from Old Norse húsbóndi (“master of the house”),[4][2][5][3][6] from hús “house”[4][2][5] and bóndi “householder, dweller”,[4][2][5] from búandi, present participle of búa “to dwell”.[4][5][3] It is related to house and bond “serf”.[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

The master of a house, the male head of a household (about 1000).[7][5]

Semantic evolution

The Old Norse word meant a man with land and livestock.[4] From the late 13th century husband replaced Old English wer as the word for a married man in relation to his wife,[5][7] and wer survives only in werewolf.[5] Old English also had a feminine hūsbōnde “mistress of a house”.[4] Other early senses, such as a farmer (about 1220) and a steward or manager (about 1450), survive in husbandry and husbandman.[7][5] From the steward sense came the verb, to manage thriftily (early 15th century),[5][2] and so to conserve or use sparingly.[4][3]

Timeline

  • c1000 – the master of a house.[7]
  • c1220 – a tiller of the soil, a farmer.[7]
  • c1290 – a married man.[7]
  • c1440 – verb, to manage thriftily.[7][2]
  • c1450 – a steward, a manager.[7]
  • 1565 – verb, to provide with a husband.[7]
  • 1680s – hubby.[5]

Modern meaning

Noun

  1. A married man, especially in relation to his spouse.
  2. (British) A manager or steward.
  3. (archaic) A prudent or thrifty manager.

Verb

  1. To manage or use carefully and economically; to conserve.
  2. (archaic) To find a husband for.
  3. (archaic) To till or cultivate.

Word family

  • husbandly
  • husbander
  • hubby
  • husbandage
  • husbandman
  • husbandry

References

  1. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Barnhart, Robert K., ed. (1995), The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, New York: HarperCollins
  3. ^ a b c d e Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (2003), 11th ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1992), 3rd ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  6. ^ a b Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (1999), 2nd ed., New York: Random House
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989), The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press