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fair

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English has two words spelled fair: the adjective, from Old English fæger “beautiful”, and the market or festival, from Latin fēriae “holidays”.[1][2][3]

Pronunciation

  • IPA: UK /feə/, US /fer/[4]

fair1 beautiful; just

Etymology

The adjective is inherited from Middle English feier, fair,[5][6] inherited from Old English fæger (“beautiful, pleasant”),[7][5][1] from Proto-Germanic *fagraz,[7][2] the source also of Old Saxon and Old High German fagar “beautiful”, Old Norse fagr and Gothic fagrs “fitting”.[7][5] Watkins traces it to Proto-Indo-European *pek- (“to make pretty”),[7][5] the source also of Lithuanian puošiu “I decorate”.[7] It is related to fain and to fawn “to cringe”.[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

“Pleasing to the eye, beautiful”: before 900, in Alfred's translation of Boethius,[5] or about 888.[8] In Old English it also described fair weather, “bright, clear”, and in late Old English it meant “morally good”.[7]

Semantic evolution

The weather sense keeps the oldest meaning, “suitable, agreeable”.[7] In early use the opposite of fair was often foul, as in by fair means or foul, fair play and foul play.[3] “Free from moral stain” is from about 1175,[5] and “light in complexion or hair”, contrasted with brown, from before 1175 or about 1200, reflecting tastes in beauty;[5][7] lightness and beauty were closely connected in Germanic.[5] “According with justice” is from the early 13th century, and “impartial, equitable, free from bias” from the mid-14th century (about 1340).[7][5] “Above average, considerable” is from about 1300, and “comparatively good, moderate” from 1860.[7] Fair play, “upright conduct”, is first recorded in Shakespeare's King John (1595).[5][7] Of handwriting, “neat”, it is from the 1690s,[7] hence fair copy.[3] The fair sex is from the 17th century.[3] Sporting senses such as fair ball are from 1856,[7] and fair-haired, “favourite”, from 1909.[7]

Timeline

  • before 900 – beautiful.[5]
  • c. 1175 – unblemished.[5]
  • c. 1200 – light in complexion.[7]
  • early 13th century – just, proper.[7]
  • c. 1340 – impartial.[5]
  • 1595 – fair play.[5]
  • 1690s – of handwriting, neat.[7]
  • 1856 – sporting senses.[7]
  • 1860 – fairly good.[7]

Modern meaning

Adjective

  1. Treating people equally; just and impartial.
  2. In accordance with the rules: a fair fight.
  3. Light in colour: fair hair.
  4. Of weather, clear and sunny.
  5. Fairly good; average: a fair chance.
  6. Considerable in size or amount: a fair distance.
  7. (archaic, literary) Beautiful.

Adverb

  1. In a fair way: play fair.
  2. Directly; straight.

Word family

  • fairly
  • fairness
  • unfair
  • fair-minded
  • fair play
  • fairway

fair2 market, festival

Etymology

The market is inherited from Middle English feire,[5][1] borrowed from Anglo-Norman feyre, Old French feire, faire “fair, market; feast day” (modern French foire),[7][5][2] from Vulgar Latin *fēria (“holiday, market fair”),[7][5] the singular of Latin fēriae (“religious festivals, holidays”),[7][1][9] on which fairs were often held.[9][3] Latin fēriae is related to festus “festive” and to feast.[7][2]

Earliest recorded meaning

A regular gathering for buying and selling: about 1250[5] or the early 14th century.[7]

Semantic evolution

A day after the fair, “too late”, is from 1548.[8] A sale of goods to raise money for charity is from 1876,[8] and the fun of the fair from 1852.[8] Fairground is from 1855.[5]

Timeline

  • c. 1250 – a market fair.[5]
  • 1548 – a day after the fair.[8]
  • 1855 – fairground.[5]
  • 1876 – a charity fair.[8]

Modern meaning

Noun

  1. A gathering with stalls and amusements; a funfair.
  2. A regular gathering for buying and selling goods or animals; a market.
  3. An exhibition of products: a trade fair.
  4. An event held to raise money for a cause.

Word family

  • fairground
  • funfair

References

  1. ^ a b c d The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000), 4th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin
  2. ^ a b c d Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  3. ^ a b c d e Cresswell, Julia (2021), Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th ed., ed. Peter Roach, Jane Setter and John Esling, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
  6. ^ Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  8. ^ a b c d e f Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989), The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
  9. ^ a b Soanes, Catherine; Stevenson, Angus, eds. (2004), Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press