Etymologically
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bog

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Pronunciation

  • /bɔɡ/, /bɑɡ/[1]

bog1 wet ground

Etymology

The wet ground is inherited from Middle English bog,[1][2][3] borrowed from Irish bogach (“bog”) or Scottish Gaelic bogach,[4][5][6][7][8] from the adjective bog (“soft, moist”), used in compounds in the sense "bog", as in bog-luachair (“bulrush”).[4][6][9] The OED takes the Scottish word from Gaelic and the English one from Irish.[4] The adjective is Old Irish bocc,[2] also written bog and boc,[10] from Proto-Celtic *buggos (“soft, tender”),[1] which Etymonline gives as *buggo-, flexible, and derives from Proto-Indo-European *bheug- (“to bend”).[5][7] Barnhart compares Old Breton buc (“rotten, crumbling”) and relates it to Old English būgan (“to bend”), the source of bow;[10][2] Ayto calls the link with būgan a suggestion.[11] Partridge thought the Gaelic word probably echoic.[12]

Earliest recorded meaning

Barnhart finds the word in the surname Bogge in 1327 and as a noun before 1450.[3][10] The OED's first record, of a piece of wet, spongy ground too soft to bear a heavy body, is perhaps before 1513, in William Dunbar's poems;[4] Etymonline dates it to about 1500.[5]

Semantic evolution

The word was at first used chiefly in Ireland and Scotland.[1][4] From 1614 it was used figuratively of an unpleasant or dangerous position that is hard to get out of.[4] From before 1687 it also meant bog-land in general.[4] Shakespeare used it in Henry V,[13] and Johnson (1755) defined it as a marsh or morass, giving its source as Irish bog, soft.[14] The verb, to sink or be stuck in a bog, followed in the early 17th century, at first mostly in the passive to be bogged;[4][3][5] it was used intransitively from about 1800, and with down by 1848, in American English.[5][4] Since the 17th century bogtrotter has been a contemptuous name for the Irish.[13] In ecology the word is now used for wet land with acid, peaty soil, as distinct from a fen.[8][2] In English and Scottish dialects it formed many plant and animal names, such as bog-bean and bog-berry.[15]

Timeline

  • 1327 – Bogge, as a surname.[3][10]
  • before 1450 – noun, soft wet ground.[3][10]
  • c. 1513 – a piece of wet, spongy ground.[4]
  • 1605 – verb, to be bogged, to be sunk in a bog.[4]
  • 1614 – figurative, a situation that is hard to get out of.[4]
  • 1641 – verb, to sink or entangle in a bog.[4]
  • before 1687 – bog-land, boggy soil.[4]
  • c. 1800 – intransitive, to sink and stick in a bog.[4][5]
  • 1848 – bog down, in American English.[5]

Meanings

Noun

  1. An area of wet, spongy ground made of decaying plant matter, too soft to bear much weight; a marsh or quagmire.[16][2][4]
  2. Such ground as a kind of land, especially wet land with acid peaty soil.[2][8][4]
  3. A situation or thing that hinders or slows progress.[16][4]

Verb

  1. To cause to sink into, or as if into, a bog; to slow down or impede, usually with down: The talks got bogged down in details.[2][8][4]
  2. To become stuck in, or as if in, a bog, usually with down.[2][4]

Word family

  • boggy
  • bogginess
  • boggish
  • bogtrotter

bog2 toilet

Etymology

The toilet is apparently a clipping from English boghouse, or perhaps of boggard, a privy;[4][11][2] it was probably often identified with the word for wet ground.[4] Boghouse is recorded from 1644 and boggard from 1552; the OED takes both as formed on the word for wet ground, boghouse perhaps as an alteration of boggard,[4] while Ayto thinks boggard quite possibly unrelated to it.[11] Merriam-Webster and Green's Dictionary of Slang instead take the first part of boghouse from a slang verb bog, to defecate, of unknown origin,[2][17] and the Shorter Oxford calls the origin uncertain.[8]

Earliest recorded meaning

A toilet, or the room or outhouse that holds one: perhaps 1731, in a work published under the name ‘Hurlo Thrumbo’.[4] Green's Dictionary of Slang has the plural bogs in 1788,[17] Merriam-Webster dates it to about 1789,[2] and Ayto to the 18th century.[11]

Semantic evolution

The OED once described the related verb as a low word, scarcely found in literature but common in coarse colloquial speech.[4][17] In the early 19th century bogs were the college privies of Cambridge students,[17] and the word has remained British slang for a toilet.[2][16] In Australian slang bog is also the act of defecating.[16][17]

Timeline

  • c. 1731 – a toilet.[4]
  • 1788 – bogs, toilets, in hospital regulations.[17]

Meanings

Noun

  1. (British slang) A toilet or lavatory: Someone has locked himself in the bog.[2][16][4]
  2. (Australian slang) An act of defecating.[16][17]
  • bow
  • boghouse
  • boggard

Usage notes

The British phrase bog-standard, ordinary, basic, is first recorded in print in 1962; it may refer to the toilet, but the Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins thinks it more likely an alteration of box standard, made to a standard pattern from standard parts.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  3. ^ a b c d e Barnhart, Robert K., ed. (1995), The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, New York: HarperCollins
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 27 Oxford English Dictionary Online (accessed March 2026), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  6. ^ a b Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  7. ^ a b The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (online 2024), 5th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  8. ^ a b c d e Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  9. ^ Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.
  10. ^ a b c d e Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
  11. ^ a b c d Ayto, John (2005), Word Origins: The Secret Histories of English Words from A to Z, 2nd ed., London: A & C Black
  12. ^ Partridge, Eric (1966), Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, 4th ed., London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
  13. ^ a b Weekley, Ernest (1921), An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, London: John Murray
  14. ^ Johnson, Samuel (1755), A Dictionary of the English Language, London; 4th ed. 1773; Johnson's Dictionary Online, ed. Beth Rapp Young et al.
  15. ^ Wright, Joseph, ed. (1898–1905), The English Dialect Dictionary, 6 vols., Oxford: Henry Frowde; via EDD Online 4.0, University of Innsbruck (CC BY 4.0)
  16. ^ a b c d e f Collins English Dictionary (2023), Glasgow: HarperCollins
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Green, Jonathon (2010), Green's Dictionary of Slang, London: Chambers; digital ed. 2016–, https://greensdictofslang.com
  18. ^ Cresswell, Julia (2021), Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press