better

Pronunciation

• IPA: /ˈbet.ə/ (UK); /ˈbet̬.ɚ/ (US)^[1][2]

Etymology

It is inherited from Middle English bettre,^[3][4] inherited from Old English betera, later bettra,^[5][3][6] from Proto-Germanic *batizô, the comparative of a positive *bat- that is not in use.^[3][7] That root is also found in Old English bōt (“remedy, compensation”) (see boot).^[8][9][10] It has been traced to Proto-Indo-European *bʰad- (“good”), and Merriam-Webster compares Sanskrit भद्र (bhadrá, “fortunate”),^[11][3][4] but Etymonline notes that Boutkan finds no good Indo-European etymology, and Random House calls the link to Sanskrit doubtful.^[3][12] Cognates include Dutch beter, German besser, Old Norse betri and Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌶𐌰 (batiza).^[3][5][13] The verb continues Old English beterian (“to improve”).^[3][5]

Earliest recorded meaning

Of superior quality; the comparative of good (Old English betera, about 725, in Beowulf).^[7][3]

Semantic evolution

In Middle English the usual adverb was bet, which was displaced by better about 1600.^[3][14] Better meant “improved in health” from late Old English,^[3] and “more useful or desirable” from the late 12th century.^[3] As a noun, “that which is better”, it is recorded from the late 12th century, and “one's superior” from the early 14th;^[3] the better, an improvement (for the better), dates from the 1690s, and get the better of dates from the 1650s.^[3] Better half, a wife, is from the 1570s, first in Sidney.^[3][14] The verb took the sense “to surpass” in the 1540s,^[3][15] and to better oneself (17th century) was called a “significant vulgar phrase” by Mary Wollstonecraft.^[14] The phrase we had better replaced earlier us were better, with had modelled on had liefer;^[14] better alone as an auxiliary, you better hurry, dates from 1817 in Merriam-Webster.^[8][16] In 19th-century America better than also meant “more than”, as in better than a year.^[17][4]

Timeline

• c. 725 – Old English betera, in Beowulf.^[7]
• late Old English – improved in health.^[3]
• late 12th century – more useful; as a noun, that which is better.^[3]
• early 14th century – one's superior.^[3]
• 1540s – verb, to surpass.^[3]
• 1570s – better half.^[3]
• 1650s – get the better of.^[3]
• 1817 – better for had better.^[8]

Modern meaning

Adjective

1. The comparative of good: of higher quality or excellence.
2. More useful, suitable, advantageous or desirable.
3. Improved in health; recovered from illness.
4. Greater in amount: the better part of an hour.

Adverb

1. The comparative of well: in a more excellent way.
2. To a greater extent; more: better than ten miles.

Noun

1. Something better.
2. (usually plural) A person superior in rank or merit: his betters.
3. Advantage or victory: get the better of.

Verb

1. To make better; to improve.
2. To surpass or exceed: bettered his own record.
3. (South Africa) To manage land as part of a betterment scheme.

Auxiliary verb

1. (informal) Had better; ought to: you better hurry.

Word family

• unbettered
• betterment

Related words

• best
• boot
• bet

Usage notes

The American Heritage Dictionary accepts had better and you'd better, but not you better without had or its contraction.^[6]

References

1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th ed., ed. Peter Roach, Jane Setter and John Esling, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
4. ^ a b c Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (2003), 11th ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
5. ^ a b c Barnhart, Robert K., ed. (1995), The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, New York: HarperCollins
6. ^ a b The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1992), 3rd ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin
7. ^ a b c Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
8. ^ a b c Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
9. ^ Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
10. ^ The Chambers Dictionary (2008), 11th ed., Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap
11. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000), 4th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin
12. ^ Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (1999), 2nd ed., New York: Random House
13. ^ Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966–1967.
14. ^ a b c d Weekley, Ernest (1921), An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, London: John Murray
15. ^ Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989), The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
16. ^ Kay, Christian; Roberts, Jane; Samuels, Michael; Wotherspoon, Irené, eds. (2009), Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press; online edition (2024)
17. ^ Bartlett, John Russell (1848), Dictionary of Americanisms, New York: Bartlett and Welford