Etymologically
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beck

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Pronunciation

beck1 brook, stream

Etymology

The brook is inherited from Middle English bek, also bec,[2] borrowed from Old Norse bekkr (“brook, rivulet”).[3][4][5][6][7] The Old Norse noun goes back to Proto-Germanic *bakiz,[8][9] the source also of Old English bece, Old Saxon beki and Old High German bah, now German Bach;[3][6][8] the OED derives the Norse form from a by-form *bakkiz.[3][6] It is cognate with Swedish bäck and Dutch beek.[3][10][7] The OED notes that Gothic has no form of the word and that it is unknown outside Germanic,[3] and Orel calls its origin uncertain;[8] a link with Middle Irish búal (“flowing water”) has been proposed.[4][11][8]

Earliest recorded meaning

A small stream or brook, first in names: a man called Ernaldus del Bec is recorded in 1166,[2] and Hoad dates the word in place names to the 11th century.[6] As an ordinary noun it appears before 1400, in the Cursor Mundi.[3]

Semantic evolution

The word stayed the ordinary name for a brook in the parts of England settled by Danes and Norwegians, from Lincolnshire to Cumbria.[3] Weekley notes that the same Norse word gave the Norman place names in -bec, such as Caudebec, "cold beck".[10] From before 1642 it could also mean the valley-bottom through which a beck runs.[3] The English Dialect Dictionary records it from Durham, Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Norfolk, and quotes Scott's Redgauntlet (1824) on crossing "brook or beck as they are called in that country";[12] Lakeland compounds include beck-steps, stepping-stones, and beck-bessy, the water-ouzel.[12] In literature a beck is often a brook with a stony bed or a rugged course, typical of the northern hills.[7][4]

Timeline

  • 1166 – in a personal name, Ernaldus del Bec.[2]
  • a1400 – a brook or stream (Cursor Mundi).[3]
  • a1642 – the valley-bottom through which a beck flows.[3]
  • 1824 – Scott's Redgauntlet explains beck as the northern word for a brook.[12]

Modern meaning

Noun

  1. (northern England) A brook or small stream, especially a fast-flowing one with a stony bed: They crossed the beck on the stepping-stones.

beck2 gesture, nod

Etymology

The gesture is inherited from Middle English bek, a noun use of the verb bekken (“to make a sign”),[2][13][14][3] a shortened form of beckon, Middle English bekenen, from Old English bēcnan.[3][6][15][14] According to the OED, the end of the stem beken- was taken for the infinitive ending, which left a stem bek-;[3] the “Promptorium Parvulorum” has both beknyn and bekyn.[3] Barnhart notes that the noun appears (before 1382) earlier than the verb, which he dates to 1385 in Chaucer, and suggests that the noun was formed under the influence of bekenen, recorded in the “Ormulum” about 1200;[13] the OED, however, records the verb from before 1300.[3] The Old English verb goes back to Proto-West Germanic *bauknjan, a derivative of the word that gave beacon.[6][16]

Earliest recorded meaning

As a verb, to make a silent signal or gesture, before 1300 in the Early English Psalter.[3] The noun, a mute signal such as a nod or a movement of the hand, is first recorded before 1382 in the Wycliffite Bible, in "beckes of eȝen", winks of the eyes.[2][3][13]

Semantic evolution

From a signal of command the noun came to mean the slightest sign of someone's will, and so absolute control, in phrases such as to have at one's beck (1530);[3][14] Etymonline dates this transferred sense to the late 15th century.[14] Another sense, a bow, curtsy or nod of greeting, is recorded from about 1375 and became chiefly Scottish,[3][5] as did the verb in the sense "to bow or curtsy" (1571).[3][12] Johnson (1755) defined the noun as a sign with the head, a nod, quoting Milton's "Nods, and becks, and wreathed smiles".[17][10] The phrase at someone's beck and call is known from the 19th century,[16] and outside it the word is now archaic.[6][4]

Timeline

  • a1300 – verb, to make a silent signal or gesture.[3]
  • c. 1375 – noun, a bow or nod of greeting (later chiefly Scottish).[3]
  • a1382 – noun, a mute signal or gesture.[3][2]
  • 1486 – verb, to signal to someone to come; to beckon.[3]
  • 1530 – noun, the slightest sign of someone's will; control, as in to have at one's beck.[3]
  • 1571 – verb, to bow or curtsy (chiefly Scottish).[3]

Modern meaning

Noun

  1. (archaic) A nod, wave or other silent gesture, especially one that summons or gives an order.
  2. (chiefly Scottish) A bow, curtsy or nod of greeting or respect.
  3. at someone's beck and call: ready to obey someone's every order at once: The new assistant was at the manager's beck and call all week.

Verb

  1. (archaic) To signal to someone; to beckon.
  2. (chiefly Scottish) To bow or curtsy.

Usage notes

Several rarer words are spelled beck: an agricultural tool with two hooks, a kind of mattock, from Old English becca;[3][5] a large vat used in dyeing or brewing, probably an alteration of back (a vat), which Merriam-Webster records from 1764 and the OED from 1828.[4][3] Merriam-Webster also lists beck for the beak of an anvil, a back-formation from beckiron (about 1846).[4]

References

  1. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f Kurath, Hans; Kuhn, Sherman M.; Lewis, Robert E., eds. (1952–2001), Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; online edition ed. Frances McSparran et al. (2000–2018)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 27 28 Oxford English Dictionary Online (accessed March 2026), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b c d e f Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary (2024), online ed., Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
  5. ^ a b c Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles (2002), 5th ed., ed. William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Hoad, T. F., ed. (1986), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  7. ^ a b c Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010), Oxford Dictionary of English, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  8. ^ a b c d Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill
  9. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling
  10. ^ a b c Weekley, Ernest (1921), An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, London: John Murray
  11. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged (2016), based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, New York: Random House
  12. ^ a b c d Wright, Joseph, ed. (1898–1905), The English Dialect Dictionary, 6 vols., Oxford: Henry Frowde; via EDD Online 4.0, University of Innsbruck (CC BY 4.0)
  13. ^ a b c Barnhart, Robert K. (1988), The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology
  14. ^ a b c d Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  15. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (online 2024), 5th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  16. ^ a b Cresswell, Julia (2021), Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  17. ^ Johnson, Samuel (1755), A Dictionary of the English Language, London; 4th ed. 1773; Johnson's Dictionary Online, ed. Beth Rapp Young et al.