Etymologically
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тоу

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Forms

тоу (tu)[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Slavic *tu (“there, in that place; here”), from an earlier *tau.[1] The same word is Russian тут (tut), Ukrainian тут (tut), Bulgarian тук (tuk), Macedonian тука (tuka), Serbo-Croatian tu, Slovene tù, Czech tu, Slovak tu, Polish tu and Upper Sorbian tu, meaning "here" in most of them.[1][2] Vasmer connects it, beside *tuto, with the demonstrative pronoun stem of тъ.[2] Sadnik and Aitzetmüller list it in the family of that pronoun, which they compare with Lithuanian tas (“that, the same”), Ancient Greek τό (tó) and Sanskrit तद् (tát).[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

In the oldest Gospel manuscripts it translates Ancient Greek ἐκεῖ (ekeî, “there”): ꙇ бѣ м‹а›ти ꙇ‹соу›с‹о›ва тоу "and the mother of Jesus was there" (J 2, 1 Zogr Mar As), and in the Psalterium Sinaiticum на рѣцѣ авилоньстѣ • тоу сѣдомъ ꙇ плакахомъ сѩ "by the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down and wept" (Ps 136, 1).[4][5]

Semantic evolution

In the canonical texts тоу means "there", also "thither" with verbs of motion, for ἐκεῖ, Ancient Greek ἐκεῖσε (ekeîse) and Ancient Greek αὐτόθι (autóthi);[4][5] тоу бꙑти is "to be present", for Ancient Greek πάρειμι (páreimi).[4][5] It can also mean "here", for Ancient Greek αὐτοῦ (autoû) (сѧдѣте тоу "sit ye here", Mt 26, 36).[4][5] As an adverb of time it means "then", for Ancient Greek τότε (tóte), and with абиѥ "at once", for Ancient Greek εὐθέως (euthéōs); in a few places it means "from now on", and as a particle "behold, so".[4][6] Miklosich records later extended forms such as тѹка and тѹто.[6] In Russian Church Slavonic тꙋ is "there, here" (Mt 5, 24).[7][8]

Timeline

  • End of the 9th – beginning of the 10th century – тоу renders ἐκεῖ and ἐκεῖσε in the Euchologium.[9]
  • Up to the early 15th century – a Serbian patristic translation of the Rila Monastery uses it for ἐκεῖ.[9]
  • 1882–1885 – Giltebrandt lists its New Testament uses in Church Slavonic.[7]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. there, in that place; with verbs of motion, thither; for ἐκεῖ, ἐκεῖσε, αὐτόθι.[4][5][1]
  2. тоу бꙑти: to be present; for πάρειμι.[4]
  3. Here; hither; for αὐτοῦ, ἐνθάδε.[4][5]
  4. Then, at that time;[4][6][1] тоу абиѥ at once; for τότε, εὐθέως.[4][6][1]
  5. From now on, henceforth; for ἔτι.[4]

Particle

  1. Behold, so, then; for ἰδού.[4]
  • тъ
  • тамо
  • тогда

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 4, 126
  3. ^ Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton, p. 323
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
  5. ^ a b c d e f Slovník nejstarších staroslověnských památek (digital ed., Gorazd, Slovanský ústav AV ČR, gorazd.org); cf. Cejtlin, R. M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, É. (eds.) (1994), Staroslavjanskij slovar' (po rukopisjam X–XI vekov), Moskva: Russkij jazyk
  6. ^ a b c d Miklosich, Franz (1862–1865), Lexicon palaeoslovenico-graeco-latinum emendatum auctum, Vindobonae: Braumüller
  7. ^ a b Gil'tebrandt, P. A. (1882–1885), Spravočnyj i ob''jasnitel'nyj slovar' k Novomu Zavetu, 6 vols., Sankt-Peterburg
  8. ^ D'jačenko, Grigorij (1899), Polnyj cerkovno-slavjanskij slovar', Moskva
  9. ^ a b SlaVaComp Metaglossar Griechisch–Kirchenslavisch, Universität Freiburg, slavistik-portal.de