родити
родити1 to give birth
Forms
родити (roditi) pf[1] Present рождѫ, родиши; iterative раждати.[2][3]
Etymology
The verb meaning to give birth is inherited from Proto-Slavic *roditi (“to give birth, bear”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *rádīˀtei; by surface analysis it is *rodъ (OCS родъ) with the suffix *-iti.[4][1][3] The same verb is Russian родить (rodítʹ), Bulgarian родя (rodjá), Serbo-Croatian ròditi, Slovene rodíti, Czech rodit and Polish rodzić.[4][1][3]
Derksen finds it only in Balto-Slavic, in Latvian radît (“to give birth to, create”);[4][3] Brückner held the Latvian word a loan from Slavic, but Vasmer thinks it more likely a cognate.[4][3] Sadnik and Aitzetmüller compare raža (“rich harvest”) and Lithuanian rasmė, and after Fraenkel atsirasti (“to appear, be born”).[5] The often proposed link with the Sanskrit verb for to grow, from a root Proto-Indo-European *wredʰ-, Derksen calls formally problematic, since it needs Schwebeablaut and the loss of the initial u.[4][6] Persson's other comparison is Latin arduus (“steep, high”).[5]
Earliest recorded meaning
In the Gospels родити renders Ancient Greek γεννάω (gennáō, “to beget, bear”) and Ancient Greek τίκτω (tíktō, “to give birth”), as in the angel's words to Zechariah: ꙇ жена твоѣ елисавьть • родитъ с‹ꙑ›нъ тебѣ “and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son” (L 1, 13 Zogr Mar As).[2][7]
Semantic evolution
The verb is used of the mother and of the father, as in the genealogy of Christ, авраамъ роди исаака “Abraham begat Isaac” (Mt 1, 2 As Sav), figuratively of bringing forth evil (зачѩтъ болѣзнъ і роді безаконье “he conceived pain and brought forth iniquity”, Ps 7, 15 Sin), and in the Suprasliensis of a tree bearing fruit, for καρποφορεῖν.[7][2] The reflexive родити сѧ and the passive рожденъ бꙑти mean to be born, for γεννᾶσθαι and τίκτεσθαι (J 8, 41 and J 16, 21), and the participles serve as nouns for parent, father and mother, for γονεύς and ἡ τεκοῦσα.[7][2]
Vasmer counts Russian рождать, with its жд, among the words of Church Slavonic origin.[3]
Meanings
Verb
- To give birth to, bear; for τίκτειν, γεννᾶν.[7][2][1]
- To beget, father; for γεννᾶν.[7][8]
- (figurative) To bring forth, produce; to bear fruit, for καρποφορεῖν.[7][2][1]
- (reflexive) To be born; for γεννᾶσθαι, τίκτεσθαι.[7][2][8]
Word family
- раждати
- родитель
- рождьство
- породити
родити2 to heed, care about
Forms
родити (roditi) impf, attested only in the variant радити[7][9]
Etymology
The verb meaning to heed is inherited from Proto-Slavic *roditi (“to care about”), a variant of *raditi.[1][9] The same word is Bulgarian bookish радя (radjá), Serbo-Croatian ráditi (“to work”), Slovene róditi, Upper Sorbian rodźić and archaic Russian радеть (radétʹ), meaning to care for, to wish or strive, and to toil;[9][1] Old Czech has only the negative neroditi.[9][1] Which vowel is older is disputed: Preobraženskij took the form with a as the original one, Vondrák the form with o, with the a-form influenced by отърада or, after Machek, by радъ (“glad”).[9]
ESJS calls the etymology difficult.[9] Many scholars connect it with радъ or with the postposition ради (“for the sake of”).[9][10] It is most often compared with a Sanskrit verb meaning to accomplish, prepare, with Gothic verbs for to take care and to speak, and with Old High German rātan (“to advise”), from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁dʰ- (“to accomplish successfully”).[9][10] Sadnik and Aitzetmüller add Old Persian rādiy (“because of”).[10] Vaillant, followed by Šaur and Pičchadze, started instead from *orditi with the metathesis of the liquid.[9]
Earliest recorded meaning
The SJS quotes it from the Christinopolitan, Ochrid, Slepče and Šišatovac Apostles, where it renders μέλει in 1C 9, 9: еда о волъхъ радить б‹ог›ъ “Does God care about oxen?”[7] In the Suprasliensis it appears as они же мал(о) радивъше о томь “but they, caring little about it”.[7]
Semantic evolution
The positive verb is rare in the canonical texts; its negative неродити or нерадити, to neglect, disregard, and its derivatives are commoner.[9][2][8] With the prefix отъ- it gives отърадити, to let pass, be forbearing, and отърада, release, mercy.[9]
Meanings
Verb
Word family
- неродити
- неродьно
- отърадити
- отърада
Related words
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h Slovník nejstarších staroslověnských památek (digital ed., Gorazd, Slovanský ústav AV ČR, gorazd.org); cf. Cejtlin, R. M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, É. (eds.) (1994), Staroslavjanskij slovar' (po rukopisjam X–XI vekov), Moskva: Russkij jazyk
- ^ a b c d e f Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 3, 492
- ^ a b c d e Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 437
- ^ a b Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton, p. 295
- ^ Slocum, Jonathan; Krause, Todd B., Old Church Slavonic Online, Base Form Dictionary, Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
- ^ a b c d Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Havlová, Eva; Erhart, Adolf; Janyšková, Ilona (eds.) (1989–2022), Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského, 21 fascicles, Praha: Academia / Brno: Tribun EU
- ^ a b c Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton, p. 292