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прѣдъ

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Forms

прѣдъ (prědŭ)[1] Also written прѣдь, прѣд, and before some pronouns прѣдо (прѣдо нь).[2][3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Slavic *perdъ (“before, in front of”), with the metathesis of the liquid consonant regular in South Slavic.[1][4] The same preposition is Russian перед (péred), Bulgarian пред (pred), Serbo-Croatian prȅd, Slovene prẹ̑d, Czech před, Slovak pred, Polish przed, Upper Sorbian před and Lower Sorbian pśed.[4][5]

The Proto-Slavic word relates to *per- as подъ relates to по and надъ to на.[5][6] Its base is the preposition seen in Lithuanian per, Latin per (“through”) and Ancient Greek περί (perí, “around”).[6][7] The -d- is most often traced to Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”): Derksen and Wiktionary reconstruct *per-dʰh₁om, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *perd-.[4][1][5] ESSJa compares the ending of Old Prussian pirsdau (“before”).[6] Vasmer thinks less likely Meillet's comparison with a Greek suffix of place and Wiedemann's with Ancient Greek ἔνδον (éndon, “inside”).[5][6] ESSJa takes the preposition to be the same word as a noun of the same form meaning “front part”, whose case forms gave the related adverbs, such as the locative прѣди.[6][8]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Gospels have the word rarely, mostly preferring other prepositions.[9][3] With the instrumental it renders Ancient Greek ἀπέναντι (apénanti, “before, in front of”) at Mt 27, 24 in the Zographensis, Marianus, Assemanianus and Savvina kniga.[3] The Savvina kniga also has петръ же стоꙗ прѣдъ вратꙑ вьнѣ “Peter stood outside, before the door” (J 18, 16), where the Zographensis, Marianus and Assemanianus have при двьрехъ.[3]

Semantic evolution

The SNSP counts more than 500 uses in the oldest manuscripts, most of them in the Codex Suprasliensis and the Psalter.[2][9] With the accusative прѣдъ marks motion to a place before someone, as in кадило приносимъ прѣдъ тѧ “we bring incense before you” (Euch 42a 8), for ἔμπροσθεν, ἐνώπιον, πρό or ἐπί.[3][2] With the instrumental it marks place before something or presence before someone, for a long list of Greek prepositions, and time, for πρό: прѣдъ сънъмъ “before sleep” (Supr 274, 26) and прѣдъ симь малꙑ “a little before this” for πρὸ βραχέως.[3][10] Once, in the Proverbs, it means “above, over”.[3]

Later Church Slavonic also used the noun прѣдъ “front”, in phrases such as на прѣдь “forward” and въ прѣдь “in future”.[10] Russian пред is the Church Slavonic form of the native перед.[11]

Meanings

Preposition

  1. With the accusative: before, in front of, into the presence of (of motion); for ἔμπροσθεν, ἐνώπιον, πρό.[3][2]
  2. With the instrumental: before, in front of, in the presence of; for πρό, ἔμπροσθεν, ἐνώπιον, ἀπέναντι.[3][2][1]
  3. With the instrumental: before (in time); for πρό.[3][2][10]
  4. Above, over (once).[3]

Word family

  • прѣдътеча
  • прѣдъстати
  • прѣдъварити
  • прѣжде
  • прѣди
  • прѣдьнь
  • надъ
  • Russian перед (péred)

Usage notes

As a prefix прѣдъ- forms verbs and nouns such as прѣдъварити “to come before, anticipate” and прѣдътеча “forerunner”, and Russian предварить has its prefix from Church Slavonic.[11][3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f Slovník nejstarších staroslověnských památek (digital ed., Gorazd, Slovanský ústav AV ČR, gorazd.org); cf. Cejtlin, R. M.; Večerka, R.; Blagova, É. (eds.) (1994), Staroslavjanskij slovar' (po rukopisjam X–XI vekov), Moskva: Russkij jazyk
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
  4. ^ a b c Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 396
  5. ^ a b c d Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 3, 237
  6. ^ a b c d e Trubačev, Oleg N.; Žuravlev, Anatolij F.; Varbot, Žanna Ž. (eds.) (1974–2021), Ètimologičeskij slovar' slavjanskix jazykov: praslavjanskij leksičeskij fond, vols. 1–42, Moskva: Nauka, p. 42, 150
  7. ^ Sadnik, Linda; Aitzetmüller, Rudolf (1955), Handwörterbuch zu den altkirchenslavischen Texten, Heidelberg: Winter / 's-Gravenhage: Mouton, p. 289
  8. ^ Trubačev, Oleg N.; Žuravlev, Anatolij F.; Varbot, Žanna Ž. (eds.) (1974–2021), Ètimologičeskij slovar' slavjanskix jazykov: praslavjanskij leksičeskij fond, vols. 1–42, Moskva: Nauka, p. 42, 154
  9. ^ a b Eckhoff, Hanne M.; Berdicevskis, Aleksandrs et al., TOROT: The Tromsø Old Russian and OCS Treebank, release 20200116, torottreebank.github.io
  10. ^ a b c Miklosich, Franz (1862–1865), Lexicon palaeoslovenico-graeco-latinum emendatum auctum, Vindobonae: Braumüller
  11. ^ a b Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), Ètimologičeskij slovar' russkogo jazyka, transl. and suppl. by O. N. Trubačev, 4 vols., Moskva: Progress, p. 3, 357