Old English words first recorded in the 10th century

It is inherited from Proto-West Germanic *botm, from Proto-Germanic *butmaz (“ground”). The cognates are Old Frisian bodem, Old Saxon bodom, Old High German bodam and Old Norse botn (“bottom…

It is inherited from Proto-West Germanic *hrif, from Proto-Germanic *hrefaz (“body, belly”). Its cognates are Old Frisian href (“belly”) and Old High German href (“womb”), also written ref…

1. The word for the sea is inherited from Proto-West Germanic *lagu (“water, sea”), from Proto-Germanic *laguz. It is a u-stem noun shared with North Germanic and Old Saxon: Old Norse lǫgr (“sea…

It is inherited from Proto-West Germanic *reufan, from Proto-Germanic *reufaną (“to tear”). Its nearest relative outside West Germanic is Old Norse rjúfa (“to break, rip up”). Orel relates the verb…

It is inherited from Proto-West Germanic *rōan, from Proto-Germanic *rōaną (“to row”). The verb is shared with Old Norse róa, Middle Dutch roeyen (now Dutch roeien) and Middle High German rüejen…

It is inherited from Proto-West Germanic *wardēn. Köbler gives the verb in Proto-Germanic as *wardēn or *wardōn (“to wait, guard, watch”), Orel as *warđōjanan. Its cognates are Old Saxon wardōn (“to…

1. The noun “enclosure” is inherited from Proto-West Germanic *gard, from Proto-Germanic *gardaz (“courtyard, enclosure”). It has cognates in Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gards, “house, household, courtyard”), Old…